a.

Long-lasting weather changes reduced corn crops and required more expansive hunting practices.

b.

Western tribes waged war against them for access to the Atlantic coast.

c.

Europeans had begun to take over the Virginia Coast in large numbers.

d.

They sought to increase their political influence in the region.

a.

Sailing in large ships

b.

Sailing in canoe-like boats

c.

By crossing Beringia

d.

By using the South Pacific islands

a.

millet.

b.

the potato.

c.

maize.

d.

soybeans.

a.

tobacco, maize, wheat, and squash.

b.

tobacco, maize, squash, and chilies.

c.

maize, beans, squash, and chilies.

d.

wheat, squash, chilies, and beans.

a.

hunting and gathering.

b.

power struggles among rival groups.

c.

small settlements.

d.

large-scale trade and commerce.

a.

the spread of Islam.

b.

the invasion of Huns from the east

c.

climatic changes

d.

new naval technologies

a.

Anasazi

b.

Apaches

c.

Hopewells

d.

Aztecs

a.

lived in small, self-governing tribes.

b.

were ruled through coercion.

c.

had elaborate irrigation systems.

d.

encouraged private land ownership.

a.

Incas

b.

Apaches

c.

Mayans

d.

Aztecs

a.

nuclear family.

b.

fictive ancestor.

c.

survival of the fittest.

d.

elected monarch.

a.

defeat of Muslim armies.

b.

creation of unified states.

c.

carving of settlements out of jungles.

d.

introduction of the camel as a draft animal.

a.

Portuguese sailors offered easier access to foreign markets.

b.

the Portuguese forced them through military action.

c.

the Songhai hated the Spanish.

d.

the Portuguese dominated the Saharan trade routes.

a.

Inca Empire.

b.

Ashanti Kingdom.

c.

Aztec Empire.

d.

Songhai Empire.

a.

they were fighting each other and needed every advantage.

b.

the Portuguese already controlled the trade routes around Africa.

c.

their ships were technologically superior to Portuguese ships.

d.

they had trouble attracting investors without promising dramatic returns.

a.

Magnetic compass

b.

Astrolabe

c.

Improved steering mechanisms and hull design

d.

The use of steel in ship construction

a.

He thought they were greedy.

b.

He thought they would submit and share their land readily.

c.

He thought their religion was in many ways superior to his own.

d.

He thought they were cannibals.

a.

they were fascinated with the prospects of scientific discovery

b.

they sought to expand their dominance in the Atlantic trade along the African Coast.

c.

they had received explicit papal authorization to invade the New World

d.

they were eager to break into the overseas trading dominated by the Arabs and the Portuguese.

a.

fishermen.

b.

merchants.

c.

missionaries.

d.

soldiers.

a.

French presence led to a population explosion requiring additional food.

b.

Environmental change to a colder climate reduced the amount of food available.

c.

Indians had to feed themselves and also had to supply food to French cities.

d.

French soldiers rapidly conquered the Indians' existing food-producing areas.

a.

they had seen new populations migrate into their regions many times before.

b.

their religion commanded tolerance and patience with alien cultures.

c.

of their belief that their world was animated by a spiritual force that was both universal and intelligent.

d.

new European arrivals were generally pleasant and agreeable.

a.

Native Americans saw this as a missionary effort.

b.

Indians often sensed deceit.

c.

Indians received the offer as an effort to join an already existing relationship.

d.

Indians understood the offer as a contract transferring ownership.

a.

thought Indians were actually Muslims.

b.

only met a small group of Indians.

c.

evaluated Indian cultures by European standards.

d.

never learned to communicate because of the language barriers.

a.

European goods were clearly superior to those possessed by Native Americans.

b.

Europeans threatened military force if they were not included.

c.

difficult harvests had dramatically reduced the products available to Native Americans.

d.

many introductory gifts offered by Europeans resembled the sacred gifts exchanged by native cultures.

a.

a living being.

b.

the source of wealth.

c.

so abundant that there was room for everyone.

d.

useful because it could be exchanged.

a.

Around 1 million

b.

Between 3 and 10 million

c.

Between 15 and 20 million

d.

Over 25 million

a.

Smallpox

b.

Syphilis

c.

Measles

d.

Malaria

a.

the Native American populations dramatically increased.

b.

European crops grew in America, but American crops did not go to Europe.

c.

Native Americans had no draft animals; hence, horses were brought to America.

d.

in the long run, it had little impact on American ecology.

a.

They blamed it on the white gods and flatly rejected Christians.

b.

They abandoned cities and moved to the countryside.

c.

They adopted the whites' cultivation techniques and increased food production.

d.

They pooled resources and formed intertribal leagues or confederacies.

a.

Romans

b.

Muslims

c.

Catholic Spaniards

d.

Protestant English

a.

They tricked Africans into voluntarily submitting to European control.

b.

They sent raiding parties into the interior to capture slaves.

c.

European warships bombarded the African coastline and refused to stop until the Africans gave them slaves.

d.

Europeans supplied weapons to African tribes who raided the interior regions for slaves.

a.

The need for slave labor declined.

b.

Many European nations outlawed immigration to North America in an attempt to build stronger economies at home.

c.

Higher populations in Europe allowed for greater migration to North America.

d.

So many people migrated to North America that economic opportunities soon disappeared.

a.

they had acquired immunities through the frequent exposure to measles, typhus, and smallpox.

b.

they lived more cleanly.

c.

they avoided crowded quarters.

d.

Indians refused medical aid.

a.

the implausibility of the Catholic doctrine.

b.

the corruption and superstition of the medieval Catholic Church.

c.

the political ambitions of local princes.

d.

peasants' uprisings.

a.

it challenged the established power of the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Emperor.

b.

Catholicism limited economic opportunities.

c.

Protestant leaders promised to support political leaders in their struggles for greater power.

d.

Protestantism emphasized literacy for the masses, which would stimulate democracy.

a.

Catholicism resurged.

b.

the Pope annulled his divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

c.

England erupted in Civil War

d.

Protestantism under his successor Edward VI had virtually free rein.

a.

staunchly Protestant.

b.

flexible, so long as she maintained control of church and state.

c.

staunchly Catholic.

d.

weak and vacillating, which created serious weaknesses in England's political system.

a.

coffee

b.

sugar

c.

indigo

d.

manioc