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Homework answers / question archive / Unit 1 pre-test 1)

Unit 1 pre-test 1)

Psychology

Unit 1 pre-test

1).

A multimethod approach in research means that: 
 

 

 

2.

The primary hypothesis: 
 

 

 

3.

As part of a research study, Margaret wants to determine if religious environments will influence the consumption of alcohol among freshmen. She has several hundred freshmen complete her survey. Once the data have been collected, she analyzes the scores. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study? 
 

 

 

4.

As part of a research study, Margaret wants to determine if religious environments will influence the consumption of alcohol among freshmen. She has several hundred freshmen complete her survey. Once the data have been collected, she analyzes the scores. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this study? 
 

 

 

5.

Dr. Williams wants to know if room temperature influences students' performance on exams. She randomly determines which classes will receive the experimental conditions and then increases the temperature in those classrooms. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment? 
 

 

 

6.

What is the independent variable in a study that investigates the impact of religious environments on discipline problems in children? 
 

 

 

7.

Professor Sanders wants to study how constant distractions during an exam affect student performance. She randomly assigns her students to different classrooms where the experimental group will receive a predetermined number of distractions while taking an exam. In this study, the independent variable is the _____ and the dependent variable is the _____. 
 

 

 

8.

Adolescents in divorced families experience more depressive episodes than those in intact families. In this hypothesis, the independent and dependent variables are _____, respectively. 
 

 

 

9.

When variables are operationalized in a study, it means they: 
 

 

 

10.

A researcher is interested in the relationship between depression and the loss of a loved one. The individuals of interest are bereaved adults and non-bereaved adults. The variables in this study receive no manipulation, and depression is measured in both sets of adults. This is an example of: 
 

 

 

11.

Dr. Samuel wants to study the relationship between test anxiety and age in younger children. His participants are 3rd-, 4th-, and 5th-graders who will be studied over a three-year period. This is an example of a(n): 
 

 

 

12.

If a researcher found that the more cooperative children were with their parents, the more they cooperated with their teachers. This would be an example of a _____ correlation. 
 

 

 

13.

Dr. Peters investigated the relationship between academic performance of middle school students and the absence of recess. The study revealed that students who were allowed recess had higher performances. This study is indicative of a: 
 

 

 

14.

Luther realized that the more he engaged in outdoor activities, the less time he spent playing video games. This is an example of a _____. 
 

 

15.

If two variables have a correlation (r) of + .95, it means that: 
 

 

 

16.

Statistical significance represents: 
 

 

 

17.

An instructor asked you to report the proportion of the population that has a specific disorder during a specific point in time. The instructor has asked you for the _____ of the disorder. 
 

 

 

18.

In epidemiological research, _____ refer(s) to the number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specific period of time. 
 

 

 

19.

In human laboratory studies, the research is designed to: 
 

 

 

20.

Dr. Tuten randomly assigned his abnormal psychology students to participate in a study of memory encoding specificity. This means that: 
 

 

 

21.

Steven was participating in a study where the researcher actually interacted with the participants. After several conversations, the experimenter started providing subtle hints about the way Steven should behave. By doing so, the experimenter is running the risk of creating _____. 
 

 

 

22.

Dr. Wayne and his associates developed a new therapy for anxiety. In their research, they had participants who met the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder. Group 1 received no treatment while Group 2 received the newly developed treatment. In this example, the researchers most likely used a _____. 
 

 

 

23.

Lee participated in a study that involved the treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The researchers assessed Lee with others who were participating in the study. However, he received the treatment several weeks into the study. Lee most likely was part of a(n) _____. 
 

 

 

24.

Janice was involved in a single-case experiment where the treatment was introduced, withdrawn, and then reintroduced. Janice most likely participated in a study that used the _____ design. 
 

 

 

25.

To conduct family history studies, researchers must _____. 
 

 

 

26.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of cross-cultural research? 
 

 

 

27.

Alias, a Native American, was being reprimanded by his 3rd grade teacher for talking during class. The teacher became agitated when Alias constantly looked at the floor while she was talking to him. In the conversation, she repeatedly told Alias, "Look at me when I am speaking to you." Although he attempted to look at the teacher, he found it difficult and his gaze always returned to the floor. What explanation can be offered for this situation from a cross-cultural perspective? 
 

 

 

28.

In a meta-analysis, the results of each study are transformed into a statistic that is common across all studies. This is called the _____. 
 

 

 

29.

Which of the following statements is true of meta-analyses? 
 

 

 

30.

Studies that do not support the hypothesis they are designed to test are less likely to get published than studies that do. This is known as the _____. 
 

 

 

31.

When conducting research using an integrationist approach to abnormality, researchers must _____. 
 

 

 

32.

Margaret is a 27-year-old soccer mom who never misses her daughter's games. Her friends argue that her behavior is embarrassing, and she is making a fool of herself when she repeatedly yells and jumps to her feet. Margaret insists that no one is paying attention to her behavior and states, "It's a soccer game—people are expected to get excited!" Which of the following should determine whether Margaret's behavior is abnormal? 
 

 

 

33.

What are "the four Ds" of abnormality? 
 

 

 

34.

Which of the following statements from the perspective of cultural relativism is NOT true? 
 

 

 

35.

Ancient Egyptians and Greeks held that a woman's uterus: 
 

 

 

 

37.

Prior to the eleventh century, which of the following was most often seen as the cause of bizarre behavior? 
 

 

 

38.

What phenomenon, seen in Italy as early as the fourteenth century, was attributed to a spider bite, causing people to jump around, dance wildly, tear at their clothes, and beat each other with whips? 
 

 

 

39.

For many years, James had been isolated from the public by his family members on account of his mental illness. His family kept him locked in a room, and brought him his meals. Suddenly, they began to allow him to move more freely throughout the house. In addition, he was allowed to sit outside, and work in the garden. The new approach to James' caregiving is representative of the _____. 
 

 

 

40.

Philippe Pinel, a strong leader of the moral treatment movement, ordered that the chains be removed from patients because he believed that: 
 

 

 

41.

Which of the following statements about Dorothea Dix is true? 
 

 

 

42.

_____ developed a scheme of classifying symptoms into discrete disorders that is the basis for our modern classification systems. 
 

 

 

43.

The Viennese psychiatrist credited with discovering a connection between paresis and syphilis was _____. 
 

 

 

 

44.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the sentiments of the American public during the nineteenth century toward mental health patients and institutions? 
 

 

 

45.

The disease, _____, has been characterized as one of the single most important discoveries underpinning modern biological theories of abnormality. 
 

 

 

46.

Which psychoanalytic theorist's method was later renamed as hypnosis? 
 

 

 

47.

Pavlov's theory of learning focused on _____. 
 

 

 

48.

Which of the following is an improper pairing? 
 

 

 

49.

Operant or instrumental conditioning was theorized by _____. 
 

 

 

50.

Operant conditioning theory states that learning: 
 

 

 

51.

_____ relates to people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events. 
 

 

 

52.

_____ was a class of drugs discovered in the twentieth century that reduced hallucinations and delusions, and made it possible for many people who had been institutionalized for years to be released from asylums and hospitals. 
 

 

 

53.

Which program covers approximately one-quarter of all mental health spending in the United States? 
 

 

 

54.

Dr. Mosley is the acting director of the Midway Behavioral Clinic. However, he still sees patients on a regular basis. His patients must have referrals for their medication. Dr. Mosley is most likely a _____. 
 

 

 

55.

Which of the following is true of the various professions within abnormal psychology? 
 

 

 

56.

In class we discussed a debate in psychology which came to be known as "the memory wars". It involved treatment techniques in which people who were experiencing psychological distress were asked to consider the possibility that their distress was due to repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. They were asked to imagine who might have abused them (among other methods used). Therapists were assuming that since many people who have a history of sexual abuse experience psychological distress, then people who experience psychological distress must have been abused. From your reading of the Schafersman article, you know that these therapists' assumption was an example of which kind of error? 
 

 

 

57.

According to Schafersman, a highly corroborated hypothesis that has been so repeatedly tested and for which so much reliable evidence exists, that it would be perverse or irrational to deny it is (by his definition) 
 

 

 

58.

Which of the following is not an example of a pseudoscience error? 
 

 

 

59.

I live in Michigan and my son has been diagnosed with autism. I have consulted only one professional about his problems and that professional is a licensed clinical psychologist. I was hoping that this licensed clinical psychologist (the only type of professional I consulted) would develop a comprehensive treatment plan for my son. Instead, after only a short visit, the psychologist wrote a prescription for three different medications and sent us on our way. There are many problems with this scenario. The clearest and most obvious problem with this situation is that the psychologist: 
 

 

 

60.

According to Schafersman (1994), the most common alternative to empirical evidence that humans use is 
 

 

 

61.

According to Schafersman (1994), which of the following is not a central component of scientific and critical thinking? 
 

 

 

62.

An "informed, testable, and predictive solution to a scientific problems that explains a natural phenomenon, process, or event" is, according to Schafersman (1994) 
 

 

 

63.

Following the arguments of Schafersman (1994), since many important psychological problems are not amenable to experimentation 
 

 

 

64.

The hypothetico-deductive method refers to 
 

 

 

65.

Consumers of scientific information in mass media are often frustrated that information previously presented as factual is often later found to be incomplete or inaccurate. Following the arguments of Schafersman (1994), this state of affairs occurs when 
 

 

 

66.

Elizabeth Loftus (1993) suggests that one possible risk of suggestive probing by therapists' seeking to uncover possible repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse and uncritical acceptance of all allegations made by clients is that 
 

 

 

67.

If you analyze the Loftus (1993) article that you read in light of Schafersman's (1994) discussion of the scientific method, you might conclude that 
 

 

 

68.

Elizabeth Loftus (1993) suggests that one possible risk of suggestive probing by therapists' seeking to uncover possible repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse and uncritical acceptance of all allegations made by clients is that 
 

 

 

69.

If you analyze the Loftus (1993) article that you read in light of Schafersman's (1994) discussion of the scientific method, you might conclude that 
 

 

 

70.

The hypothetico-deductive method refers to 
 

 

 

71.

Consumers of scientific information in mass media are often frustrated that information previously presented as factual is often later found to be incomplete or inaccurate. Following the arguments of Schafersman (1994), this state of affairs occurs when 
 

 

 

72.

An "informed, testable, and predictive solution to a scientific problems that explains a natural phenomenon, process, or event" is, according to Schafersman (1994) 
 

 

 

73.

Following the arguments of Schafersman (1994), since many important psychological problems are not amenable to experimentation 
 

 

 

74.

According to Schafersman (1994), the most common alternative to empirical evidence that humans use is 
 

 

 

75.

According to Schafersman (1994), which of the following is not a central component of scientific and critical thinking? 
 

 

 

76.

Elizabeth Loftus's (1993) review of some of her own research demonstrates that 
 

 

 

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