a.

the value of manufactures increased six-fold

b.

farm production declined

c.

average wages and earnings declined

d.

fewer women and children worked

e.

innovation in business remained stagnant

a.

the abundance of natural resources in the United States

b.

the development of labor-saving machinery

c.

federal and state policies aimed at limiting foreign competition

d.

the use of prison labor by railroad companies

e.

innovative, bold leadership from energetic entrepreneurs

a.

there would have been no immigration to the United States without them

b.

they allowed Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell to travel abroad to study

c.

they facilitated the emergence of a national and even international markets for American goods and services

d.

the South would have won the Civil War without them

e.

they provided Andrew Carnegie the opportunity to earn his fortune

a.

the Appalachian Mountains presented great engineering problems

b.

Congress refused to consider federal subsidies for a private railroad

c.

the technologies for building long tunnels through the Rockies did not exist

d.

many southern states used the states’ rights argument to reject federal aid for railroads

e.

North–South sectional differences prevented Congress from selecting a route

a.

was completed in 1844

b.

was built by the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroads

c.

followed a southern route through Texas and the Arizona and New Mexico territories

d.

led to the bankruptcy of “Commodore” Vanderbilt

e.

was John D. Rockefeller’s first business initiative

a.

the uniting of North and South

d.

the uniting of East and South

b.

the uniting of East and North

e.

the uniting of East and West

c.

the uniting of North and West

a.

the robber barons helped build the South’s great universities

b.

Jay Gould might actually be seen as a good guy

c.

the Commodore’s prowess as a naval officer in the Civil War opened doors to the business world following the conflict

d.

business consolidation put the control of railroads in few hands

e.

the connections between railroads and early canals built fortunes

a.

first lightbulb

d.

telephone

b.

air brake for trains

e.

mechanized cotton textile weaver

c.

(heavier-than-air) airplane

a.

make it possible for factories to locate wherever they wished

b.

lead to the development of streetcars

c.

lead to the bankruptcy of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company

d.

lead to the development of elevators

e.

contribute to the development of suburbs

a.

George Westinghouse

d.

Thomas Edison

b.

John D. Rockefeller

e.

Alexander Graham Bell

c.

Andrew Carnegie

a.

It was essential for Edison to invent the lightbulb.

b.

It powered the transcontinental railroad.

c.

It enabled electricity to be transmitted across long distances.

d.

It was safer than direct-current electrical transmission.

e.

It was J. Pierpont Morgan’s first successful investment.

a.

They were used in the first automobiles.

b.

They powered the first lightbulbs.

c.

They freed factories to locate wherever they wished, not just by waterfalls and coal deposits.

d.

They forced railroads to abandon the use of steam power.

e.

They eliminated the need for oil during the Industrial Revolution.

a.

outweighed, in economic importance, the California gold rush of a decade before

b.

gave J. Pierpont Morgan his start in business

c.

ended the monopoly in petroleum production that Oklahoma had enjoyed for a quarter of a century

d.

began in 1889

e.

illustrated to many Americans that a dependence on oil might prove problematic in the future

a.

Its scientists found new technical processes for refining oil more efficiently.

b.

It bought out the Erie Railroad in order to keep transportation charges low.

c.

It was one of the first companies to invest heavily in advertising.

d.

Rockefeller was lucky to find the highest-quality oil on his Ohio farm.

e.

Its corporate structure—known as vertical integration—allowed the company to grow tremendously.

a.

are firms that control the stock of other companies

b.

were outlawed in New Jersey in 1888

c.

allowed J. Pierpont Morgan to build a monopoly in the oil-shipping business

d.

were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1868

e.

were firms where union membership was required

a.

were often too large to earn a profit

b.

were forced to spend too much of their money on philanthropic endeavors

c.

were appealing targets for prosecution on the grounds of monopoly or restraint of trade

d.

controlled companies that had nothing to do with one another

e.

paid their various subsidiaries enormous and unjustified profits

a.

promote it

b.

have technical expertise in it

c.

sell it

d.

know how to organize a steel company

e.

hire men of expert ability to help him run his business

a.

had a rags-to-riches story

b.

was foreign-born

c.

came from an elite, privileged background

d.

made millions with his investments

e.

supported unions

a.

selling goods by mail

b.

retail, opening a chain of grocery stores across the United States

c.

manufacturing cheap, practical clothing

d.

providing electric power for New York City

e.

retail, opening a chain of tool stores across the United States

a.

the poor were getting poorer

b.

everyone was getting rich

c.

many other people were at least better off

d.

there were no disparities in the distribution of wealth

e.

rags-to-riches stories abounded

a.

real wages fell because of rising prices

b.

a forty-hour work week was the standard

c.

government regulations provided a safe work environment

d.

working and living conditions remained precarious

e.

forging a work permit for children was seen as taboo

a.

child laborers took well-paying jobs from legal immigrants

b.

child laborers often received no education

c.

children suffered three times as many accidents as adults

d.

a child working in a textile mill was only half as likely to reach the age of twenty as a child outside a mill

e.

child laborers often worked dangerous jobs

a.

were named for the daughter of George Maguire, the owner of a Pennsylvania coal field

b.

accomplished their goals of better wages and working conditions for miners through peaceful arbitration

c.

offered the first large-scale strike of domestic workers (cooks and maids) in New York City

d.

were the first major labor organization for western miners

e.

aimed to right the perceived wrongs against Irish coal workers

a.

wage cuts that followed a depression

b.

the railroad’s refusal to hire blacks and women

c.

concerns over workplace safety

d.

worker demands for paid vacations

e.

the deaths of four children in an explosion at Pullman’s factory

a.

was led by Samuel Gompers

b.

won higher wages for railroad workers

c.

did not have the support of the public at first, but as the strike (and its violence) spread, so did public sympathy for the strikers

d.

ended when the workers, who lacked organized bargaining power, returned to work

e.

began when Irish workers refused to work alongside Chinese

a.

was the political wing of the National Labor Union

b.

was based on anti-Chinese sentiment

c.

campaigned (unsuccessfully) for restrictions on Mexican immigration

d.

ended when the 1877 railroad strike ushered in better working conditions

e.

folded when Grant sent the military to occupy the mines

a.

Chinese workers refusing to work on the railroads

b.

white workers refusing to work on the railroads

c.

white men attacking Chinatown

d.

the original baseball fields

e.

Chinese workers protesting poor working conditions

a.

opposed the eight-hour day for employees of the federal government

b.

opposed reforms such as cooperatives and equal rights for women and blacks in favor of simply bargaining with employers to get the best working conditions and wages possible

c.

was led by Alfred Chandler

d.

was influential in getting Congress to enact an eight-hour workday for federal employees

e.

was less concerned with political and social problems than in bargaining with employers

a.

The end of slavery flooded the labor market with workers.

b.

The war sparked an increased demand for skilled labor.

c.

Unskilled laborers were constitutionally prohibited from unionizing.

d.

Craft unions would not have to admit the freedmen.

e.

The American education system expanded dramatically during that period.

a.

formed a successful political party

b.

admitted only skilled workers, like printers or cigar makers

c.

called for men and women to have equal pay for equal work

d.

advocated the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism

e.

allowed doctors, lawyers, and bankers to join their ranks

a.

in 1875, when the federal government outlawed the use of violence against union members

b.

in the mid-1880s, when the union had several strikes against the railroads

c.

under the leadership of Uriah S. Stephens

d.

as a result of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877

e.

after the Wobblies spit the NLU

a.

popular fears that the organization was too radical

b.

its leader Terence Powderly died

c.

the Haymarket affair discredited the union

d.

its leadership was devoted more to reform than to the nuts and bolts of organization

e.

it was associated with violence by the press

a.

was started by the Knights of Labor

b.

led to the passage of the Foran Act of 1885

c.

marked the beginning of the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions

d.

was blamed on seven anarchist leaders despite a lack of evidence

e.

took place in San Francisco

a.

was primarily concerned with securing concrete economic gains

b.

was formed in 1869 but experienced most of its growth in the early years of the twentieth century

c.

was a federation of industrial unions; craft unions could not join until 1948

d.

could claim as members almost half of all industrial workers in 1900

e.

believed that unions with large numbers of immigrants hurt labor’s cause

a.

reflected the growing membership of agricultural workers

b.

grew rapidly

c.

was primarily African American

d.

reflected the growing membership of the unskilled worker

e.

grew slowly

a.

The AFL was socialist while the Knights were capitalists.

b.

The AFL was a federation of national organizations, each of which retained a large degree of its autonomy, while the Knights organization was more centralized.

c.

The AFL was controlled by anarchists, while the Knights were statists.

d.

The AFL had no national leader, while the Knights looked to Terence Powderly.

e.

The AFL was affiliated with Republicans, while the Knights supported Democrats.

a.

involved workers at the Homestead Tobacco Company

b.

was waged against a Carnegie company

c.

was a victory for the union

d.

took place in Montana, but involved other farmers on the Great Plains

e.

reflected Henry Clay Frick’s compassion

a.

Andrew Carnegie announced the plant’s sale to J. P. Morgan

b.

Henry Frick tried to break a strike by bringing in Pinkertons

c.

police attempted to break up a protest meeting

d.

Andrew Carnegie tried to replace one union with another one

e.

Andrew Carnegie fired Frick

a.

They were a detective agency.

b.

They relied on Chinese labor to fill their ranks.

c.

They were funded by the government.

d.

They were hired to end the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.

e.

They worked against and infiltrated the Mafia.

a.

allowed the strikers to create as big a disruption as possible

b.

stopped President Grover Cleveland from expressing his support for the union

c.

justified a federal intervention, ending the strike by allowing railroad executives to claim that it interfered with the mail

d.

allowed union leaders throughout the country to exchange correspondence during the strike

e.

prevented anarchists from communicating with the strikers

a.

declare his sympathy for the strikers

b.

order George Pullman to restore his workers’ wages

c.

appoint Eugene Debs to his cabinet

d.

send federal troops to keep the trains running

e.

socialize the industry by allowing the government to manage the company

a.

higher wages

d.

temperance

b.

shorter hours

e.

safer workplaces

c.

restrictions on child labor

a.

lawyers

d.

policeman

b.

doctors

e.

those who sold liquor

c.

bankers

a.

William Sylvis

d.

Samuel Gompers

b.

Terence Powderly

e.

Eugene Debs

c.

W. E. B. Du Bois

a.

the Socialist party

d.

the Democratic party

b.

the Republican party

e.

the Whig party

c.

the Tea party

a.

sewing

d.

religion

b.

cooking

e.

fiction

c.

travel

a.

social life

d.

religious life

b.

political life

e.

rural life

c.

status in the world

a.

supporting Mother Jones

d.

Hull House

b.

leading the Molly Maguires

e.

Knights of Labor

c.

Waters Street House

a.

discrediting them

d.

blacklisting

b.

deporting their leaders

e.

murdering their leaders

c.

infiltrating them with spies

a.

Eugene Debs won his court case

b.

a successful strike by the American Railway Union

c.

anarchists took over the town

d.

a city referendum

e.

George Pullman died

a.

founded Standard Oil

b.

was president of the Homestead Steel Works

c.

led the Knights of Labor

d.

wrote “The Gospel of Wealth”

e.

was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America

f.

founded a mail-order business

g.

coined the phrase “social dynamite”

h.

organized the Workingmen’s Party of California

i.

was a labor organizer executed for murder

j.

consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation