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Homework answers / question archive / CHAPTER 20: From Business Culture to Great Depression: The Twenties, 1920-1932   MULTIPLE CHOICE        1

CHAPTER 20: From Business Culture to Great Depression: The Twenties, 1920-1932   MULTIPLE CHOICE        1

History

CHAPTER 20: From Business Culture to Great Depression: The Twenties, 1920-1932

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

     1.   The Sacco-Vanzetti case:

a.

revealed the power of the Massachusetts governor to intervene in controversial criminal cases.

b.

for Italian-Americans, symbolized the strength of nativist prejudices in America.

c.

played out in an atmosphere of fierce anti-radicalism in the United States.

d.

engendered widespread support for repealing recent anti-immigration legislation.

e.

B and C

 

 

 

     2.   The automobile.

a.

spurred growth in other industries such as tourism and steel production.

b.

was actually not affordable to the vast majority of Americans until the 1930s.

c.

limited the expansion of most other sectors of the American economy in the 1920s, due to U.S. manufacturers’ focus on outpacing the rest of the world in its production.

d.

exacerbated the divide between rural and urban America in the 1920s.

 

 

     3.   During the 1920s, American multinational corporations:

a.

resisted new ventures abroad in the aftermath of World War I.

b.

demonstrated limited interest in controlling raw materials in other countries.

c.

produced few automobiles for international markets.

d.

extended their reach throughout the world.

e.

reduced investments overseas.

 

 

     4.   Which of the following statements about consumer goods in the 1920s is NOT accurate?

a.

Home products, such as washing machines and vacuum cleaners, failed to decrease the demand for domestic labor.

b.

Advertising created a desire for buyers to purchase new goods.

c.

Going into debt for their purchase became widely accepted in American society.

d.

The mass-produced radio inspired a new mass culture celebrating sports figures such as Jack Dempsey.

 

 

 

     5.   In the 1920s, movies, radios, and phonographs:

a.

were all out of reach of most consumers.

b.

helped create and spread a new celebrity culture.

c.

were not yet available.

d.

appealed only to women.

e.

were only available in urban areas.

 

 

 

     6.   How was American life different in the 1920s than in the years prior?

a.

In this new era of consumerism, Americans drank more heavily.

b.

Women’s suffrage led to a new wave of political activism among both women and men.

c.

The strict standards of morality imposed by the fundamentalist revival meant that Americans had less sex.

d.

Although Americans worked hard in an increasingly industrial world, they also enjoyed more vacations.

e.

Interracial marriages became far more common in this more urban and modern society.

 

 

 

     7.   During the 1920s:

a.

an estimated 40 percent of the population remained in poverty.

b.

real wages rose faster than corporate profits.

c.

wealth became more evenly distributed.

d.

small auto companies flourished.

e.

New England experienced an individual revival.

 

 

 

     8.   Assess the state of individual American financial savings by the end of the 1920s.

a.

Rising wages had allowed Americans to build significant savings accounts in the 1920s.

b.

While the rich spent most of their earnings lavishly, poor and middle-class Americans saved conscientiously.

c.

Savings rates among the middle-class were as high as forty percent, causing significant challenges for the mass consumer economy.

d.

By the end of the 1920s, the majority of American families had no savings whatsoever.

e.

Americans had largely turned their back on stocks and turned to the far safer bond market instead.

 

 

 

     9.   American farmers in the 1920s

a.

managed to remain in business due to time-saving mechanization.

b.

understood that prices for produce would remain high, despite the end of World War I.

c.

decreased their output of crops, due to declining demand on the American and overseas market.

d.

increasingly migrated out of rural areas.

 

 

 

   10.   Which of the following statements about farm mechanization is FALSE?

a.

It encouraged an increase in the use of migrant labor on factory farms.

b.

It transformed the scale of agricultural production, which led to huge irrigation projects in the West.

c.

It helped delay the onset of the “Dust Bowl” on the Great Plains thanks to use of the new steam tractor which mitigated the effects of soil aridity.

d.

It included innovations such as the disk plow, which made planting easier.

 

 

 

   11.   Labor unions lost members in the 1920s for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

a.

companies supported propaganda campaigns that linked unions with socialism.

b.

companies began to adopt a program of “welfare capitalism.”

c.

labor unions were tarnished by the 1919 labor upsurge.

d.

some corporations began to provide employees with pensions and medical insurance.

e.

through collective bargaining, labor unions had secured a national eight-hour day.

 

 

 

   12.   In the 1920s, employers embraced the American Plan, which:

a.

was developed by the Communist Party.

b.

was another term for Americanization.

c.

was applauded by the American Federation of Labor.

d.

advocated government regulation of business.

e.

advocated the “open shop.”

 

 

 

   13.   The Equal Rights Amendment:

a.

was proposed by the Women’s Trade Union League.

b.

proposed to eliminate all legal distinctions based on sex.

c.

protected mother’s pensions.

d.

had widespread support from all major female organizations.

e.

became law along with an amendment banning child labor.

 

 

 

   14.   For the feminist woman in the 1920s, freedom meant:

a.

voting.

d.

the right to choose her lifestyle.

b.

owning her own property.

e.

becoming a wife and mother.

c.

the ERA.

 

 

 

 

   15.   The flapper:

a.

epitomized the change in standards of sexual behavior.

b.

represented a new political movement.

c.

represented a new economic radicalism.

d.

disapproved of smoking.

e.

demanded a return to earlier standards of behavior.

 

 

   16.   Why did cigarettes become known as “torches of freedom” during the 1920s?

a.

Women began to smoke cigarettes as an expression of personal freedom.

b.

Soldiers returning from the war identified the modest comfort of a cigarette with American freedom.

c.

For African-Americans in northern cities, cigarette smoking was an expression of a new and freer urban lifestyle.

d.

By smoking American brand cigarettes, immigrants could embrace American culture and leave behind the stigma of their ethnicity.

e.

The prohibition of tobacco in many states made smoking an open act of rebellion.

 

 

 

   17.   In their 1929 study, Middletown, Robert and Helen Lynd:

a.

found that Americans were increasingly involved in local politics.

b.

argued that leisure and consumption had replaced political involvement.

c.

based their findings on a study of Los Angeles and New York City.

d.

based their findings on a study of Chicago.

e.

noted the increase in voter participation with the enfranchisement of women.

 

 

   18.   Which statement about politics in the 1920s is FALSE?

a.

Voter turnout had fallen dramatically since the turn of the century.

b.

Women took an active role in national politics, mostly with the Republican Party.

c.

Republicans controlled the White House and supported pro-business policies.

d.

The South was dominated by the Democratic Party.

e.

Congress continued the trend toward restricting certain groups of people from entering the United States.

 

 

 

   19.   The prevailing jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court in the 1920s can best be described as:

a.

laissez-faire.

d.

authoritarian.

b.

progressive.

e.

deferential.

c.

paternalistic.

 

 

 

 

   20.   President Harding’s call for a return to normalcy meant:

a.

bringing back the Progressive spirit of reform.

b.

demobilizing from World War I.

c.

getting women back into the home from their wartime jobs.

d.

a call for the regular order of things, without Progressive reform.

e.

an end to the radicalism of the Red Scare.

 

 

 

   21.   Warren G. Harding:

a.

appointed a cabinet comprised solely of government experts not connected to him personally.

b.

spearheaded a movement for political reform at the federal level.

c.

oversaw a presidential administration plagued by scandal.

d.

was re-elected to a second term on the Republican ticket.

 

 

   22.   The Teapot Dome scandal involved:

a.

President Harding’s illicit affair with a young woman.

b.

the Veterans’ Bureau, which took bribes from the sale of government supplies.

c.

the attorney general, who took bribes not to prosecute accused criminals.

d.

the secretary of the interior, who received money in exchange for leasing government oil reserves to private companies.

e.

Herbert Hoover, who received money in exchange for granting favored trading status to Great Britain.

 

 

 

   23.   Assess the state of the Democratic Party in 1924.

a.

Under a young and energetic leadership, the party was ready to capitalize on Warren G. Harding’s low approval ratings.

b.

Rejecting its southern base and embracing northern immigrants and African-Americans, the party was poised for victory under a new “big tent.”

c.

Although popular for its deep progressive tradition, the Democratic Party alienated voters with its overtly rigid hierarchical organization.

d.

Although the incumbent Calvin Coolidge was an uninspiring choice, the hopeless divisions within the Democratic Party caused its bitter defeat in 1924.

e.

Controlled by powerful labor unions, the Democratic Party failed to appeal to the middle class and southern whites.

 

 

 

   24.   American foreign policy during the 1920s:

a.

reflected the close relationship between government and business.

b.

expanded on Woodrow Wilson’s goal of internationalism.

c.

included the lowering of tariffs.

d.

discouraged American business investment abroad.

e.

included a complete retreat from military intervention.

 

 

 

   25.   Which of the following best describes the significance of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922?

a.

It was a first step toward fair trade.

b.

It was meant as retaliation against European protectionism.

c.

It was universally embraced as a means of protecting American workers.

d.

It created the first pension system for veterans’ widows in the nation’s history.

e.

It demonstrated a repudiation of Wilson’s free trade ideas.

 

 

 

   26.   What united the authors Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald in the 1920s?

a.

They practiced very similar styles of narrative prose.

b.

Both were obsessed with writing about the mediocrity of American consumerism.

c.

Both had fled the discriminatory censorship of the Hays code.

d.

Both were deeply disillusioned with conservative American politics and materialism.

e.

Both found themselves forced into exile because of charges of homosexuality.

 

   27.   “Banned in Boston” referred to:

a.

a book ban in the city, including books by Ernest Hemingway.

b.

Prohibition coming to the city and the elimination of all liquor.

c.

the crackdown on prostitution and gambling, both perceived to be run by the Irish.

d.

the condemnation of Americanization programs, meaning diversity was celebrated in the city.

e.

Calvin Coolidge’s tenure as governor when he banned all strikes of public service employees.

 

 

 

   28.   The Hays Code:

a.

banned certain works of literature in Boston.

b.

banned Socialists from speaking at public universities.

c.

prohibited movies from depicting nudity, long kisses, and adultery.

d.

prohibited movies from showing business in a negative way.

e.

prohibited the mailing of material with sexual content.

 

 

 

   29.   In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court:

a.

overturned the lower court conviction of a Socialist.

b.

ruled that bans on dangerous speech were constitutional.

c.

expanded the protection of free speech.

d.

found certain fire-safety regulations unconstitutional.

e.

overturned the conviction of Eugene V. Debs for an antiwar speech.

 

 

   30.   Which of the following legal bans no longer passed constitutional scrutiny by the end of the 1920s?

a.

Prohibiting movies from depicting nudity.

b.

Barring scripts that portrayed clergyman in a negative light.

c.

Prohibiting wealthy African-Americans in all-white public facilities.

d.

Criminalizing the advocacy of unlawful acts for the sake of political change.

e.

Prohibiting marriages between whites and Asian immigrants or African-Americans.

 

   31.   All of the statements about Prohibition during the1920s are true EXCEPT:

a.

Prohibition reduced American consumption of alcohol.

b.

Prohibition was violated by many Americans.

c.

Prohibition led to widespread corruption among law officials.

d.

Prohibition led to large profits for the owners of speakeasies and for the bootleggers who supplied them.

e.

Religious fundamentalists opposed Prohibition on the grounds that it violated freedom.

 

 

 

   32.   Which of the following trends of the 1920s did fundamentalists support?

a.

The easing of restrictions on immigration.

b.

The prohibition of liquor sales.

c.

Military interventionism.

d.

Socialism.

e.

Increasing income taxes on the wealthy.

 

 

 

   33.   How did fundamentalist Christians define freedom in the 1920s?

a.

As the freedom of religion.

b.

As a freedom of speech.

c.

As the freedom of congregation.

d.

As voluntary adherence to moral liberty.

e.

As the fundamental right to self-expression.

 

 

 

   34.   Regarding public education, in 1922, Oregon became the first state to:

a.

require students to be instructed only in English.

b.

ban private schools.

c.

formally segregate its schools.

d.

allow women to earn postgraduate degrees.

e.

allow students to attend private schools instead.

 

 

 

   35.   What broad popular sentiments did the Ku Klux Klan express in the 1920s?

a.

African-Americans and immigrants should not be allowed to vote.

b.

Prohibition should only be applied to non-whites.

c.

Control of the nation should be returned to native-born Protestants.

d.

Southern states should never quit their fight for complete home rule.

e.

Women’s suffrage was a violation of natural law and needed to be repealed.

 

 

 

   36.   In the 1920s, immigration restriction included all of the following EXCEPT:

a.

an easing of anti-Asian immigration policy with the Johnson Reed Act.

b.

legislation that severely limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe.

c.

a first-time ban on Mexicans entering the United States.

d.

the establishment of a “Border Patrol”.

e.

C and D

f.

A and C

 

 

 

   37.   How did 1920s immigration policy reflect the concept of “race” in the United States?

a.

American Indians were denied citizenship based on a biological definition of “inferiority in race.”

b.

Non-whites were excluded in the calculation of immigration quotas.

c.

The Supreme Court ruled in 1923 that Indian national, Bhagat Singh, was black, not “pure Aryan” as he claimed.

d.

Southern and eastern Europeans were granted citizenship if they could prove their “whiteness.”

 

 

 

   38.   What were the National Catholic Welfare Council and the Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith lobbying for in the 1920s?

a.

More Catholic and Jewish schools funded by federal monies.

b.

Laws prohibiting discrimination against immigrants by employers, colleges, and government agencies.

c.

Benevolent societies for religious groups to be supported by the federal government in the major East Coast cities.

d.

A stronger effort by the federal government to dismantle the Ku Klux Klan.

e.

A new immigration law to overturn the Immigration Act of 1924.

 

 

 

   39.   Meyer v. Nebraska:

a.

overturned the ban on child labor.

b.

ruled that the maximum number of hours a woman could work cannot be legislated.

c.

overturned a law that stated public schools would instruct classes in English.

d.

upheld the Espionage Act as constitutional.

e.

ruled that evolution could not be taught in public schools.

 

 

 

   40.   Slumming meant:

a.

blacks migrating from the South to the North during the Great Migration.

b.

flappers not working and living off their parents’ wealth.

c.

whites going to Harlem’s dancehalls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies.

d.

speculating on the stock market.

e.

living in the Hoovervilles.

 

 

 

   41.   The Harlem Renaissance:

a.

has often been compared to 21st century “gentrification” efforts in the urban Northeast.

b.

describes the quest by writers like Claude McKay to locate the roots of the black experience.

c.

was a phrase coined by Winston Churchill.

d.

marked a turning point in race relations in America.

 

 

 

   42.   Which of the following statements best assesses Herbert Hoover’s qualification for the presidency in 1928?

a.

He could point to a decade of experience as an elected official.

b.

His modest upbringing in rural Iowa had equipped him with a natural affability and charm.

c.

His bold embrace of government regulation as a tool for economic development made him stand out among laissez-faire Republicans.

d.

His skill in economic planning and the organization of food relief made him a good choice for both good and hard times.

e.

His courage under fire in World War I made him a role model similar to one of his predecessors, Theodore Roosevelt.

 

 

 

   43.   The Great Depression was caused by all of the following factors EXCEPT:

a.

a land speculation bubble in Florida.

b.

an unequal distribution of wealth.

c.

an agricultural recession throughout the decade.

d.

stagnated sales in the auto and consumer goods industries after 1926.

e.

increased government regulation of banking and the stock market.

 

 

   44.   The Great Depression shaped the lives of Americans in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

a.

many Americans took to the road in search of work.

b.

many Americans left cities for the countryside.

c.

there was massive unemployment.

d.

many Americans lived in Hoovervilles.

e.

the American suicide rate declined.

 

 

 

   45.   In reaction to the Great Depression, Americans.

a.

prevented farm goods from getting to market in the Midwest.

b.

who had fought in World War I marched on Washington, D.C. to demand early payment of a promised bonus.

c.

enlisted in the Army in record numbers to secure “three squares” a day.

d.

rushed to the defense of big business and blamed communism for the disaster.

e.

A and B

 

 

 

   46.   Which statement does NOT accurately describe the Communist Party of America in relation to the Great Depression?

a.

It sponsored marches to demonstrate for public assistance.

b.

It plotted revolution to overthrow the American capitalist government.

c.

It assisted tenants in resisting eviction.

d.

It offered the most organized reaction to the crisis.

 

 

 

   47.   President Hoover responded to the onset of the Depression by:

a.

immediately increasing government aid to the unemployed.

b.

cutting taxes.

c.

decreasing tariffs.

d.

reassuring Americans that “the tide had turned.”

e.

resigning from office.

 

 

 

   48.   What did Hoover’s observation during the depth of the Depression that “many persons left their jobs for the more profitable one of selling apples” indicate?

a.

Industrial wages during the time were so low that many people did not consider employment worthwhile.

b.

Compared to the plight of the cities, farms and orchards were remarkably prosperous.

c.

The Great Depression had resulted in a complete breakdown of all market infrastructures.

d.

President Hoover had grown increasingly out of touch with the economic reality of Americans.

e.

Even in the midst of the Depression, Hoover continued to focus on micromanaging the economy.

 

 

 

   49.   As a response to the Great Depression and in contrast to previous federal economic policy:

a.

Hoover argued against government-sponsored loans bailing out big businesses and banks.

b.

Hoover did not support a tax increase.

c.

Hoover approved public-works projects for the unemployed.

d.

Hoover signed a direct relief bill designed to help the unemployed.

e.

A and D

 

 

MATCHING

 

TEST 1

 

Match the person or term with the with the correct description.

 

a.

moving assembly line

b.

Meyer v. Nebraska

c.

The Man Nobody Knows

d.

Harlem Renaissance

e.

Middletown

f.

theory of evolution

g.

anarchists

h.

Catholic presidential candidate

i.

Jewish factory manager

j.

Supreme Court justice

k.

ERA

l.

Teapot Dome scandal

 

 

     1.   Claude McKay

 

     2.   Alfred E. Smith

 

     3.   Leo Frank

 

     4.   Oliver Wendell Holmes

 

     5.   Warren Harding

 

     6.   Robert and Helen Lynd

 

     7.   Alice Paul

 

     8.   Henry Ford

 

     9.   Sacco-Vanzetti

 

   10.   John Scopes

 

   11.   Bruce Barton

 

   12.   James McReynolds

 

TEST 2

 

Match the person or term with the with the correct description.

 

a.

Fundamentalism

b.

discriminated against Catholics and Jews

c.

set quotas for immigration

d.

rejection of established stereotypes

e.

global spread of American corporations for blacks

f.

illegal alien

g.

government loan agency

h.

protected civil liberties

i.

whites seeking exotic adventure

j.

adopted by film industry

k.

Wall Street corruption revealed

l.

unemployed World War I veterans

 

 

   13.   New Negro

 

   14.   Bonus March

 

   15.   Reconstruction Finance Corporation

 

   16.   slumming

 

   17.   American Civil Liberties Union

 

   18.   Hays Code

 

   19.   Fordlandia

 

   20.   Scopes trial

 

   21.   Ku Klux Klan

 

   22.   National Origins Act

 

   23.   Pujo investigations

 

   24.   Border Patrol

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

     1.   Europeans rallied in mass protests against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti.

 

     2.   After World War I, American corporations ceased to pursue overseas investments.

 

     3.   Farmers benefited the most from the prosperity of the decade.

 

     4.   Labor’s decline ended by the end of the 1920s with the introduction of “welfare capitalism,” a compromise system acceptable to big business.

 

     5.   Nearly every major women’s organization supported Alice Paul’s National Woman’s Party’s proposal for an Equal Rights Amendment.

 

     6.   Once married, the flapper often continued her liberation and freedom.

 

     7.   In Schenck v. United States, socialist Charles T. Schenck had his conviction overturned for distributing antidraft leaflets on First Amendment grounds.

 

     8.   Fundamentalists supported Prohibition, while others viewed it as a violation of individual freedom.

 

     9.   Although later deemed a failure, Prohibition led to the building of new federal prisons.

 

   10.   In the early twentieth century, the Ku Klux Klan reemerged in the South, targeting only blacks.

 

   11.   Under the 1924 Immigration Act, no Asians were allowed to immigrate to the United States.

 

   12.   The 1920s term “undesirable” was replaced with “illegal alien” in the 1980s to describe persons without legal status in the United States.

 

   13.   The term “New Negro” in art meant the rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place.

 

   14.   The stock market crash caused the Great Depression.

 

   15.   The Great Depression was global, affecting almost every country in the world.

 

   16.   The image of big business, carefully cultivated during the 1920s, collapsed as congressional investigations revealed massive irregularities among bankers and stockbrokers.

 

   17.   Twenty thousand unemployed World War I veterans descended on Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus due in 1945.

 

   18.   The United States had never faced an economic crisis as severe as the Great Depression.

 

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