a.

proposed a decrease in funding for Social Security.

b.

called for a reduction in all government spending and a balanced budget.

c.

proposed that a system of block grants be assigned to states to spend as they saw fit.

d.

demanded that the federal government administer all aid, even on the local level.

e.

proposed that no new federal agencies be created.

a.

created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

b.

was not interested in enlarging the federal government with new agencies other than the EPA.

c.

did not support the Endangered Species Act, which was vetoed by Nixon but survived with a congressional override.

d.

A and C

a.

proposed to guarantee a minimum income for all Americans.

b.

won approval by Congress.

c.

was seen as too radical by liberals.

d.

replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children.

e.

was seen as inadequate by conservatives.

a.

found unconstitutional during the Nixon administration.

b.

mandated by law only for construction workers.

c.

implemented only in Philadelphia.

d.

never a priority during the Nixon administration.

e.

first pursued and then abandoned by the Nixon administration.

a.

In Boston, the racial divisions were between African-Americans and Puerto Ricans as well as whites.

b.

The African-American community in Boston consisted only of very recent migrants from the South.

c.

Boston’s politicians called on local residents to fight the busing order by all means necessary.

d.

Boston’s tightly knit Irish-American community in South Boston fought integration violently.

e.

Boston was widely understood to have the best public school system in the country.

a.

affirmative action was unconstitutional.

b.

racial quotas for college admissions were constitutional.

c.

fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional.

d.

race could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions.

e.

gender could no longer be used as a factor in college admissions.

a.

Many women postponed childbearing in order to pursue careers in the 1970s.

b.

The marriage age for Americans rose in the 1970s.

c.

With the availability of birth control and legal abortions in the 1970s, America’s birthrate declined.

d.

Divorce rates actually declined during the 1970s, but the number of American women who had never been married went up.

e.

According to opinion polls of the 1970s, Americans increasingly felt there was nothing wrong with sex before marriage.

a.

They understood that the popular gay movement could convert hundreds and thousands of impressionable youth.

b.

Thousands of new civil rights movements encouraged gays and lesbians to “come out.”

c.

They feared that gays and lesbians might push for an end to the “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy.

d.

They suspected that many among their ranks were gay and lesbian themselves.

e.

They feared that the gay and lesbian movement might push for higher taxes on the wealthy.

a.

supported the government of Salvador Allende in Chile.

b.

boycotted South Africa to protest apartheid.

c.

supported democratic reforms in Iran.

d.

continued to undermine Third World governments.

e.

focused its foreign policy on Southeast Asia.

a.

It meant a continuation of the status quo.

b.

The United States was not yet willing to sign arms-control treaties with the Soviet Union.

c.

As demonstrated by diplomatic visits to both China and the Soviet Union, Nixon sought a peaceful co-existence with communist nations.

d.

It meant a rejection of Henry Kissinger’s “realist” approach to the Cold War.

a.

The country had elected socialist Salvador Allende into office.

b.

The U.S. sought to prevent the coup of General Augusto Pinochet.

c.

The Chilean government had blocked U.S. access to Chilean copper mines.

d.

The government of Chile had provided North Vietnam with covert support.

e.

Chile had been hosting Che Guevara, a long-time public enemy to the United States.

a.

The Viet Cong lost access to its Ho Chi Minh Trail.

b.

South Vietnam gained increasing influence over a weak neighbor.

c.

The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime.

d.

The impressive military action convinced Communist China to approach the United States.

e.

The invasion toppled Cambodia’s communist government.

a.

The victory of communists in Vietnam in 1975.

b.

The manipulations of the Soviet KGB secret service in Phnom Penh.

c.

The invasion of U.S. troops in 1970.

d.

The assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.

e.

The destruction of Viet Kong in Vietnam.

a.

The military cover-up of the atrocity prevented the guilty parties from ever facing trial.

b.

American public opinion declared the defendants guilty before there even was a trial.

c.

The leaders responsible for the massacre were all sentenced to life and remain in jail to this day.

d.

One person was found guilty in this killing of 350 civilians, but was released in 1974.

e.

The event prompted Americans to reflect more deeply on the implications of the Nuremberg trials.

a.

as the only war lost by the United States.

b.

as a military, political, and social victory for the United States.

c.

leaving very few Vietnamese casualties.

d.

leaving many Americans optimistic.

e.

as a result of the U.S. invasion of Cambodia.

a.

the psychiatrist Daniel Ellsberg’s office.

b.

the Washington Post’s headquarters.

c.

the Democratic Party headquarters.

d.

George McGovern’s apartment.

e.

the Committee to Reelect the President’s (CREEP’s) headquarters.

a.

That despite his involvement after the fact, he believed that even the president was not above the law.

b.

He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies.

c.

His refusal to surrender the White House tapes initially showed strength and bolstered his standing with the American people.

d.

A and B

a.

the CIA and FBI had engaged in abusive actions.

b.

the Catholic Church had secretly channeled funds to Third World countries fighting communism.

c.

every administration had traded arms for hostages behind the back of Congress.

d.

the Ku Klux Klan had been receiving funds from the FBI to sabotage the civil rights movement.

e.

the draft process had unfairly drafted the poor and minorities, while white, middle-class men were often exempt.

a.

Nixon would stage a second political comeback in the Reagan administration.

b.

As many Democrats as Republicans wound up in jail in the Watergate scandal.

c.

Nixon remained popular with the American public, despite the Watergate scandal.

d.

Watergate undermined public confidence in the merits of the federal government.

e.

Republicans distanced themselves from Nixon and won majorities in 1974.

a.

The assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.

b.

The invasion of Cambodia.

c.

The revelations about the My Lai Massacre.

d.

The hearings in the wake of the Kent State shootings.

e.

The Church Committee investigations.

a.

declining oil prices.

b.

low inflation rates.

c.

stagnant economic growth and low inflation.

d.

stagnant economic growth and high inflation.

e.

high income tax rates.

a.

was successful at reviving the American economy.

b.

introduced programs that encouraged growth in the manufacturing sector.

c.

reversed the economic policies of his predecessor.

d.

restored Americans’ confidence in their nation, as business boomed.

e.

failed to revive the economy.

a.

promised never to lie to Americans.

b.

pledged to pardon Richard Nixon.

c.

did not support affirmative action.

d.

was well connected within the Washington political scene.

e.

promised a return to American isolationism.

a.

proved the success of the alternative energy resource.

b.

was the first of its kind to be operational.

c.

brought a halt to the nuclear energy industry’s expansion.

d.

was the first nuclear plant to have an accident.

e.

stood as a symbol of American scientific and technologic superiority.

a.

the need to fight communism around the world.

b.

the policy of containment.

c.

the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America.

d.

an increased military presence in Southeast Asia.

e.

human rights as a diplomatic priority.

a.

He was protesting the military junta under Augusto Pinochet that had grabbed power in a coup.

b.

He was sending a signal to the socialist Allende movement, which had nationalized the American dominated petroleum industry in that South American nation.

c.

Carter was expressing his support for Great Britain’s Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and its seizure of the Falkland Islands.

d.

A brutal military dictatorship had emerged there, waging a dirty war against its own citizens.

e.

A trade war between American and Argentinian beef producers had escalated to a diplomatic crisis.

a.

The American hostages in Iran were released the day Carter left office.

b.

In 1979, a popular revolution overthrew the shah and Iran became an Islamic state.

c.

The Iranian Revolution signaled that opposition movements in Middle Eastern countries were shifting to religious fundamentalist ideologies.

d.

After Carter refused the deposed shah entry for medical treatment in the United States, his exiled internal security force invaded the U.S. Embassy in Teheran and took American hostages.

a.

was a diplomatic achievement for President Carter.

b.

restored Americans’ confidence in their nation.

c.

made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept.

d.

made Ronald Reagan appear weak and inept.

e.

ended with the signing of the Camp David Accords.

a.

never intervene in the affairs of another nation.

b.

use military force, particularly in Southeast Asia.

c.

use military force, particularly in the Western Hemisphere.

d.

use military force, particularly in the Persian Gulf.

e.

use nuclear weapons only if attacked first.

a.

boycotting the Moscow Olympics.

b.

breaking off diplomatic relations with Pakistan.

c.

placing an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union.

d.

funneling aid to fundamentalist Muslims in Afghanistan who fought a guerilla war against the Soviets.

e.

dramatically increased American military spending.

a.

continued their overt opposition to the black struggle for racial justice.

b.

insisted on more local control and resisted the power of the federal government.

c.

employed the fiery rhetoric and direct confrontation tactics of Bull Connor and George Wallace.

d.

made little progress.

e.

appealed primarily to urban Americans.

a.

Neoconservatives came to believe that even the best-intentioned social programs did more harm than good.

b.

The expense of the space race convinced them that they had to give up fighting the Cold War.

c.

The U.S. experience in the Vietnam War taught neoconservatives to wage wars with all available resources.

d.

The prosperity under the stewardship of liberal Democrats convinced them that New Deal economics were the path for the future.

e.

Their own exposure to drugs, sex, and rock-n-roll made them more likely to be libertarians at heart.

a.

significantly declined in number, as they became less vocal.

b.

significantly increased in number, as they became more vocal.

c.

became more liberal in their beliefs.

d.

were banned from holding public office.

e.

were banned from making television appearances.

a.

favored abortion rights.

b.

feared family values were being undermined.

c.

focused on taxes and the federal debt.

d.

wanted divorces to be easier to obtain.

e.

favored decreasing military spending.

a.

stated that equality of rights under the law could not be abridged on account of sex.

b.

was revived by second wave feminists and expected to arouse controversy, given its lack of support among a majority of congressional Republicans.

c.

had originally been proposed in 1920 by former suffragists.

d.

A and C

e.

A and B

a.

They argued that freedom for American women was best experienced through their husbands.

b.

They argued that “freedom” for American women had already been achieved with the Nineteenth Amendment.

c.

They argued it was the “free enterprise system” that truly liberated American women, because home appliances freed them from time-consuming labor.

d.

Schlafly and her supporters never spoke of American freedom.

a.

take away a woman’s right to be a housewife.

b.

finally make women truly equal citizens, a goal set forth at Seneca Falls over a century before.

c.

be amended so as to exclude women from being drafted into the armed forces.

d.

not change anything, and so its ratification would mean nothing.

e.

elevate women to a superior class, allowing women to outnumber men in politics, professional jobs, and higher education programs within a decade.

a.

President Ford vetoed federal funding for abortion.

b.

The Supreme Court declared bans on abortion constitutional.

c.

Congress enacted a bill banning abortion from health-care policies for federal employees.

d.

The Supreme Court reversed its position on access to contraception and allowed states to ban condoms.

e.

Congress overrode Ford’s veto and ended federal funding for abortion in the Medicaid program.

a.

It did not result in fewer funds for libraries and schools, as opponents claimed it would.

b.

Although proposed by California conservatives, it reflected the growing anti-tax mood of the rest of the nation.

c.

Businesses and homeowners benefited greatly from its passage.

d.

It proved taxation could be a trenchant issue for politicians and American voters.

a.

A rising tide of antigovernment sentiment.

b.

Concern that the federal government planned to cut federal funding for state and national parks in the West.

c.

The desire of western ranchers for local control of grazing rights on public lands.

d.

Anger over the loss of jobs with the closing of the Nevada Test Site.

e.

A and C

a.

the end of conservatism.

b.

the validation of big government.

c.

a return to progressivism.

d.

growing frustration over America’s condition.

e.

a referendum for the ERA.

a.

Without his masterful resolution to the Iranian hostage crisis, Carter’s reelection would have been doubtful.

b.

Prior to Reagan’s announcement that he was going to run for president, few Americans would have doubted Carter’s reelection.

c.

Only Carter’s defeat in the 1980 election saved him from almost certain impeachment by a heavily Republican congress.

d.

Carter’s approval ratings in 1980 had fallen lower than Nixon’s at the time of his resignation.

e.

Carter’s bold boycott of the Moscow Olympics in protest over the invasion of Afghanistan dramatically improved his chances at reelection.

a.

By increasing the tariff.

b.

By lowering tax rates.

c.

By raising taxes.

d.

By lowering wages.

e.

By increasing the tax burden on the poor.

a.

He ordered permanent military jurisdiction for the nation’s air traffic control system.

b.

He convinced those on strike to come back to the bargaining table and re-negotiate their contracts.

c.

He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike.

d.

He had the Justice Department sue PATCO, the air traffic controllers’ union.

a.

expanded food stamps and school lunch programs.

b.

enlarged government revenue.

c.

decreased the national debt.

d.

strengthened labor unions.

e.

resulted in a rise in economic inequality.

a.

could describe the 1980s, a decade where making deals was more profitable for companies than making products.

b.

was a Mondale-Ferraro 1984 campaign slogan slamming Reagan’s coddling of the rich.

c.

could describe the 1980s, a decade where organized labor made substantial gains as it had in the 1890s.

d.

was the title of a 1980s documentary about “yuppies” who sold out to the financial establishment.

a.

the first female candidate on a major-party presidential ticket.

b.

a conservative who campaigned against the Equal Rights Amendment.

c.

the leader of the Redstockings.

d.

cofounder of the National Organization of Women (NOW).

e.

the first female Supreme Court justice.

a.

upheld the constitutionality of state laws outlawing homosexual acts.

b.

took the United States off the gold standard.

c.

ruled affirmative action was constitutional in university decisions regarding enrollment.

d.

stated that a criminal had the right to a state-appointed lawyer.

e.

upheld the practices of racial housing segregation.

a.

They had secured a federal ban on pornography in the Supreme Court.

b.

A majority of states ratified a constitutional amendment banning abortion.

c.

They succeeded in mandating the labeling of explicit lyrics for hip-hop albums.

d.

They had secured federal censorship of pornography.

e.

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state laws banning homosexual acts.

a.

opposed “authoritarian” noncommunist regimes.

b.

embraced Carter’s emphasis on human rights.

c.

decreased military spending.

d.

called for a halt to the development of nuclear weapons.

e.

initiated the largest military buildup in American history.

a.

refused to commit U.S. troops abroad.

b.

sent troops to Grenada and Lebanon.

c.

expanded Jimmy Carter’s policy of human rights.

d.

sent troops to overthrow a repressive dictatorship in Chile.

e.

refused monetary aid for the repressive governments in El Salvador and Guatemala.

a.

was a scandal that brought down Reagan’s cabinet, as well as high ranking officials in the Marine Corps.

b.

resulted in the seizure of a secret Iranian oil reserve owned by Oliver North.

c.

was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration.

d.

refers to the U.S. efforts to overthrow the shah.

a.

accused Reagan of presiding over an “evil empire.”

b.

inaugurated political openness and economic reform in the Soviet Union.

c.

was reviled by Reagan for his unwillingness to negotiate arms reduction.

d.

ensured the Soviet Union would continue as a strong ally of the United States in the future.

a.

Reagan’s policies enriched investors and CEOs, but eviscerated the economies and communities of the industrial heartland.

b.

Conservatives promised to destroy labor unions only to depend on their political support in elections.

c.

Republicans brought more women into public office than any other party, but actively legislated for men’s rights.

d.

Conservatives cut spending dramatically, only to complain about a lack of public services.

e.

The Republican Party was driven by young conservatives, but ruled by the oldest president on record.

a.

first woman appointed on the Supreme Court

b.

leader of the Moral Majority

c.

vice presidential candidate

d.

Supreme Court chief justice

e.

supporter of the Family Assistance Plan

f.

national security advisor

g.

Soviet leader

h.

Strategic Defense Initiative

i.

staunch opponent of the ERA

j.

Camp David Accords

k.

Iran-Contra affair

l.

Reagan’s vice president

a.

arms for hostages

b.

young, successful urban professionals

c.

caused by deregulation

d.

easing of Cold War tensions

e.

ban on raising property taxes

f.

trickle-down economics

g.

peace between Egypt and Israel

h.

investigated the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and CIA

i.

slow economic growth and high inflation

j.

nuclear power plant accident

k.

presidential involvement in Vietnam

l.

affirmative action