Please find below answer to your question:

A) Physical Geography

Japan is an archipelago, or string of islands, on the eastern edge of Asia. There are four main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu.

There are also nearly 4,000 smaller islands! Japan's nearest mainland neighbors are the Siberian region of Russia in the north and Korea and China farther south.

B) Brief History

Japan was settled about 35,000 years ago by Paleolithic people from the Asian mainland. At the end of the last Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, a culture called the Jomon developed. The first era of recorded history in Japan is the Kofun (A.D. 250-538), which was characterized by large burial mounds or tumuli.

C) Population Characteristics

The demographic features of the population of Japan include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects regarding the population.

Population	12.65 crores (2018) World Bank
Life expectancy	84.10 years (2017) World Bank
GNI per capita	44,380 PPP dollars (2018) World Bank
Fertility rate:	1.43 births per woman (2017) World Bank
Population growth rate	-0.2% annual change (2018) World Bank
Unemployment rate	2.9% (Jul 2020)

D) Important Cities

Major Cities in Japan: Which One Should Top Your Bucket List?

1) Sapporo.

2) Tokyo.

3) Yokohama.

4) Nagoya.

5) Kyoto.

6) Nara.

7) Osaka.

8) Kobe.

E) Economic History of japan

It became the first non-Western great power, and expanded steadily until its defeat in the Second World War.

When Japan recovered from devastation to become the world's second largest economy behind the United States, and from 2010 behind China as well.

Scholars have evaluated the nation's unique economic position during the Cold War, with exports going to both U.S.- and Soviet-aligned powers, and have taken keen interest in the situation of the post-Cold War period of the Japanese "lost decades".

There are some significant problems which are being witnessed by Japan. These include sinking of the economy. Society is aging birthrate sinking radiation unpopular and also powerless government.

In Tokyo the main issue is related to the overpopulation and its impacts. Density of population cannot be easily controlled.

There are problems of water supply of shortage of housing faced due to density overpopulation. the short policy lead to crashing down of the Japanese stock market and falling off the equity and asset prices.

The Japanese banks and insurance their leftover leveraged. Day was full of bad debt. There was different environmental issues in Japan also.

The most heavy domestic issue which is being faced by Japan is the demo graphical time bomb which is affecting all areas of life from the economy of the country to the society.

It is soon to become the world's first country of ultra aged where about more than 28 % of the total population is more than 65 years. Also Japan is facing economic crisis due to the covid-19 pandemic.