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A natural resource is any form of matter or energy obtained from the physical environment to meet human needs

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A natural resource is any form of matter or energy obtained from the physical environment to meet human needs. Water, Solar energy, and fresh air are three examples of natural resources.

Renewable resources are usually replenished faster by nature than we can use it (e.g., solar energy), while non-renewable resources are not replaced by nature or are replaced very slowly (e.g., fossil fuel).

Three causes of the current environmental crisis are (a) overpopulation, (b) insufficient pollution control, and (c) overconsumption/ waste of natural resources.

Maximum sustainable yield for an organism is the largest number of individuals that can be removed from a population of the organism over time without causing population decline. This is usually attained when harvesting rates are maintained close to the highest maximum growth rate of that population.

Four impacts that humans have on the land are reduction in forest cover, depletion of groundwater level, pollution of water bodies, and extermination of species.

A major method of conserving biodiversity is to reserve areas for wildlife by protecting the habitats from human impact.

The model predicts that the spotted owl metapopulation will reduce greatly (about 98%) during the next 20 years. The spotted owl is expected to be extinct after 50 years.

The probability that the owl metapopulation will be reduced to half in 20 years is 100%. The probability of extinction within 20 years varies from 2-3%. However, the probability of extinction in 50 years is about 98-100%.

In case of a decrease in the amount of habitat, the metapopulation is expected to reduce faster in 50 years, and the probability of extinction is expected to increase.

The populations F, H, G, I, and J exchange population amongst them most frequently. Populations D and E are also seen exchanging population, albeit less frequently. Finally, there is also population exchange amongst A, B, and C as well.

The larger populations seem to be more important in conserving metapopulation. There are more frequent movements from and to the large populations. Populations in the middle seem to be more important than those at the ends, as there are more exchanges through the populations located in the middle.

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