Leonardo is a second-grade student referred to you by his homeroom teacher, who asks you to look into his “strange vocal quality” that “comes and goes

Leonardo is a second-grade student referred to you by his homeroom teacher, who asks you to look into his “strange vocal quality” that “comes and goes.” The teacher mentions that he sounds “nasal.” A quick screen using the key phonemes described in this chapter reveals that Leonardo produces the /b/, /d/, and /g/ in place of the /m/, /n/, and / ?/.

1. This type of resonance disorder is most likely:

A. Hyponasality

B. Hypernasality

C. Cul-de-sac

D. Assimilative nasality

2. Other signs that Leonardo might present with are:

A. Rhinorrhea

B. Otitis media

C. A history of allergies

D. All of these

Clara is a third-grade transfer student who is referred to you with teacher observations of a “nasal voice.” Clara has moved from three different school districts in a year and a half. There is no medical history available at the moment, but you go ahead and initiate a brief screen. You inspect the oral cavity, making clinical observations of the lips, tongue, teeth, and hard and soft palates, among other structures. You ask Clara to produce a series of short /a/ productions to assess the movement of the velum

3. Based on these observations, you can:

A. Observe velar movement through the oral cavity

B. Diagnose a velopharyngeal disorder

C. Begin therapy

D. Determine the need for a pharyngoplasty

4. You ask Clara to count from 62 to 66. As she does so, you place a fogging mirror beneath the nares. The mirror fogs throughout the entire production, and you perceive moderate nasal resonance and nasal air emission throughout. This type of resonance disorder is most likely:

A. Hypernasality

B. Due to an obstruction in the nasal cavity

C. Isolated to the velopharynx

D. Assimilative nasality

5. The task of counting from 62 to 66 was used because it:

A. Is comprised of high-pressure phonemes

B. Is comprised of low-pressure phonemes

C. Gives a quick look at articulation and the acquisition of any compensatory errors

D. Both A and C