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1) A)Describe the GABAA receptor and its function

Psychology

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1) A)Describe the GABAA receptor and its function. How do BDZs and barbiturates modify the receptor function? B)What are the significant side effects of barbiturates that prompted the development of new sedative–hypnotics? C)How do pharmacokinetic factors determine the duration of BDZ action?

2) A)Describe four lines of evidence showing that NE has an important role in anxiety. B)Compare the effects of a BDZ, flumazenil, and β-carboline on the BDZ modulatory site on GABAA receptors. C)What are the behavioral effects of neurosteroid modulation of GABA function? Which brain area is important for these effects?

3) A)What are the mechanisms by which AAS increase muscle mass and physical strength? B)Describe the adverse effects of chronic AAS use on physical health. C)What kinds of behavioral and psychological problems (apart from irritability and aggressiveness) have been reported in studies of long-term and/or high-dose AAS use? Be sure to include a discussion of muscle dysmorphia in your answer.

4) A)Describe the therapeutic use of GHB in the treatment of narcolepsy and alcoholism. B)Discuss the features of recreational use of GHB, including the symptoms of GHB intoxication and overdose, and evidence for GHB tolerance and dependence. C)What are anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), and why are these substances given that general name?

5) A)What is the evidence for rewarding and reinforcing effects of GHB? How does this compound compare with cocaine, opioids, and ethanol with respect to its efficacy as a reinforcing agent? B)Discuss the various mechanisms thought to underlie GHB’s behavioral actions, making sure to differentiate between mechanisms requiring high GHB doses and those that may mediate lower doses of GHB.

6) 1)(a) Describe the acute effects of inhalants such as toluene on locomotor activity in animals. (b) How can these effects be explained by the action of these substances on ionotropic receptors and voltage-gated ion channels? (c) How do the effects of prolonged inhalant exposure on ion channels differ from the effects of acute exposure?

7) A)What are the features of being in a state of “dissociative anesthesia”? B)Describe the primary mechanism of action of PCP and ketamine. How has this mechanism been related theoretically to the neurochemical basis of schizophrenia? C)Summarize both human and experimental animal research demonstrating the abuse potential of PCP and ketamine.

8) A)Describe the hallucinogenic drug-related disorders mentioned in the chapter. B)Discuss current ideas regarding the potential therapeutic uses of hallucinogenic drugs. C)Discuss the history of the development, therapeutic use, and recreational use of PCP and ketamine.

9) A)What are NBOMEs, and how are they administered by recreational users? B)What is Salvia divinorum, what is its active ingredient, and how is it consumed recreationally? C)Discuss the differences in potency and duration of activity of various hallucinogenic drugs when consumed by their typical routes of administration.