What information made Rachel Carson concerned about chemical pollution? What is the "paradox" of human population and well-being? (1) Cite (and explain) the four global trends that indicate that the health of the planet Earth is suffering

1. What information made Rachel Carson concerned about chemical pollution?

Birds dying because of the DDT poisoning.
Spraying of DDT (1960s)

2. What is the "paradox" of human population and well-being? (1)

Idea that human population growth gets bigger → less resources → worse wellbeing → have more children → human population continues to grow (and cycle continues).

3. Cite (and explain) the four global trends that indicate that the health of the planet Earth is suffering. (1)

Population growth (paradox), ecosystem decline (status), climate change (more CO2, GHG... global warming), loss of biodiversity

4. Define environment, and describe the general development and successes of modern environmentalism. (1)

Environment: the world around us (includes both biotic and abiotic factors)
- Early US Movement
o Late 19th century - conservation groups. National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, Sierra club (founded by John Muir - popularized idea of wilderness). Theodore Roosevelt - national parks, conservation of public land.
o 1900-1950 - increased awareness. Dust Bowl. Great depression (restoring land and provided work for unemployed).
o 1945-1965 (Follow WWII) - technology optimism, polluting. Air, water, DDT.
- Modern Environmental Movement
o 1962 - biologist Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring
o Environmental Movement: Upwelling of public awareness and citizen action that began during the 1960s regarding environmental issues.
o Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): 1970, passed laws promoting pollution control, wildlife protection.
o Environmentalists: Any person who is concerned about the degredation of the natural world and is willing to act on that concern.
o Environmentalism: Attitude/movement involving concern about pollution, resource depletion, population pressures, loss of biodiversity, other environmental issues. Usually also implies action to address those concerns.
- Environmentalism Acquires Critics
o Early movement - sources of problems specific/visible - solution straightforward
o Today - Political surround every environmental issue. (Politics always accompanies policy)

5. What are the concepts behind each of the unifying themes - sound science, sustainability, and stewardship?

Sound Science: The basis for our understanding of how the world works and how human systems, interact with it. It stems from scientific work based on peer-reviewed research and is one of the unifying themes of this text.

Sustainability: a property whereby a process can be continued indefinitely without depleting the energy or material resources on which it depends. As one of the unifying themes of the text, sustainability is the practical goal toward which our interactions with the natural world should be working.

Stewardship: the actions and programs that manage natural resources and human well-being for the common good.

6. Explain the role of assumptions, observations, experimentation, and theory formation in the operation of scientific research and thinking. (1)

The Scientific Method: The process of making observations and logically integrating those observations into a model of how the world works. Often involves forming hypotheses, experimenting and conducting further testing for confirmation.
Assumptions, Observations, Experimentation, Theory Formation - how to prove/make any and all scientific discovery (how to research and analyze and form scientific ideas
- Assumptions: preconceived notions that people regard as true (can used as basis of theory formation and observations)
- Observation: things or phenomena that are perceived through one or more of the basic five senses in their normal state. In addition, to be accepted as factual, observations must be verifiable by others.
- Experimentation: In the practice of science, the testing of hypotheses by setting up situations where cause and effect are investigated, uing careful measurements of conditions and responses
- Theory Formation: Hypotheses (sing. Hypothesis): Tentative guess concerning the cause of an observed phenomenon that is then subjected to experiment to test its logical or empirical consequences.
Theories (sing. Theory): conceptual formulation that provides a rational explanation or framework for numerous related observations.

7. Define sustainability and sustainable development. What is a sustainable society?

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. [ For humans, sustainability is the long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of stewardship, the responsible management of resource use. Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these

8. List five transitions that are necessary for a future sustainable civilization

Demographic, resource, technology, political, and community transitions are necessary for a future sustainable civilization.

9. What are the concerns of the environmental justice movement?

Caring for the natural world and establishing just relationships among humans are concerns of the environmental justice

10. Cite some of the recent developments in the movement toward sustainability.

wind energy, cap-and-trade