passed in maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Christ

1. act of toleration

passed in maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period

2. barbados slave code

first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. similar statutes were adopted by Souther plantation societies on the North American mainland

3. first anglo-powhatan war

series of clashes between the powhatan confederacy and english settlers in virginia. english colonists torched and pillaged indian villages

4. iroquois confederacy

bound together five tribes-the mohawks, the oneidas, the onondagas, the cayugas, and the senecas-in the mohawk valley of what is now NY state

5. jamestown

first permanent english settlement in north america founded by the virginia company

6. joint-stock company

short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund england's early colonial ventures

7. protestant reformation

movement to reform the catholic church launched in germany by martin luther

8. roanoke island

sir walter raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North carolina

9. second anglo-powhatan war

last-ditch effort by the indians to dislodge virginia settlements. the resulting peace treaty formally separated white and indian areas of settlement

10. spanish armada

spanish fleet defeated in the english channel in 1588. the defeat of the armada marked the beginning of the decline of the spanish armada