Bio Final Exam   What is a terminator codon? Start codon? Do prokaryotes have introns and exons? Eukaryotes? What is a base substitution mutation? What is a Frame?shift mutation? How do phage get their DNA into the bacterial host cell? Why do eukaryotes have multiple origins of DNA replication? What is DNA polymerase? What is DNA Ligase? What is DNA Helicase? What is RNA polymerase?

1. What is a terminator codon? Start codon?

• Terminator codon - signals termination of genetic information
• Start codon - signals when to start making polypeptides

2. Do prokaryotes have introns and exons? Eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes have them, prokaryotes do not

3. What is a base substitution mutation?

The replacement/substitution of a single nucleotide base with another in DNA or RNA molecule

4. What is a Frame?shift mutation?

The addition/deletion of nucleotides that causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA

5. How do phage get their DNA into the
   bacterial host cell?

They use their tail pieces to attach to host cell and inject their genetic material

6. Why do eukaryotes have multiple origins of DNA replication?

• Eukaryotes contain too much DNA to be replicated readily from a single origin

7. What is DNA polymerase?

the enzyme responsible for DNA replication, elongation

8. What is DNA Ligase?

facilitates the (joining) of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a chemical bond

9. What is DNA Helicase?

unwinds (or separates) the duplex DNA in order to provide a single-stranded DNA for replication, transcription, and recombination for instance.

10. What is RNA polymerase?

An enzyme that produces RNA. It is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription. RNA polymerase enzymes are essential to life and are found in all organisms and many viruses