According to the Wheel of Science, which of the following is derived from theory? A) observations B) statistics C) hypotheses D) generalizations How can the role of statistics become limited in the research process? A) because people lie when answering questionnaires B) because of possible flaws in the research design or method C) because mere numbers do no prove anything D) because abstract theory is not amenable to quantification Which of the following describes the type of statistics used to compare the popularity of the Prime Minister between rural and urban residents? A) inferential statistics B) association C) deductive statistics OD) descriptive statistics Question 11 (1 point) Which of the following variables can be measured at the interval/ratio level? A) number of children in a family B) emotional stability C) different types of crime D) attractiveness of a person In terms of time the variable precedes the variable

Based on the Wheel of Science, statistical research or investigation on any topic pertaining to any particular academic field or discipline preliminarily or initially involves relevant theoretical propositions and notions which can be effectively used to make important deductive predictions on the concerned research topic leading to the formulation of hypothesis. Now, to empirically test or examine the hypothesis, various samples from the target population concerning the research s drawn which leads to the construction of essential empirical observations of the sample which facilitates empirical generalizations about the various relevant nature and characteristics of the sample which would be useful in conducting remaining and evaluating the theoretical propositions and concepts. Statistics is the field of discipline which essentially deals with the collection, proper organization, evaluation, interpretation, and presentation of numerical and quantitative data and information pertaining to any particular empirical research topic. Therefore, the answer, in this case, would be option C) given in the answer choices or options or hypotheses.

In any empirical research process, the role of statistics in undeniably indispensable as the empirical research practically deals with uncertainty in which the research outcomes or objectives cannot be completely defined with certainty or absolute guarantee. The research process might involve various practical issues or challenges which can lead to methodological errors and inaccuracies in the research process such as the credibility of the responses collected from the participants from the research sample, flaws in the research methods and design which can be minimized by the researcher, and so on. In many cases, the statistical research fails to accurately address and explain the outcome or objective/s of any empirical study or examination due to the practical limitations of purely numerical or quantitative analysis which is the main fundamental basis of any statistical research. However, one of the core limitations or disadvantages of any statistical analysis is the fact that many intrinsically qualitative and abstract research topics cannot be adequately and practically quantified or evaluated numerically such as topics related to taste and colour of various cuisines or popular food items around the world, conservation of historical monuments such as temples, mosques, churches, cenagougues, etc. considering that Statistics mainly deals with quantifiable numerical data and information. Nonetheless, any major error or inaccuracy is the research design of method employed in the research process can seriously affect the entire process and cannot be completely eliminated but can only be minimized to the best possible extent by the researcher. Hence, the answer here would be option B) or because of possible flaws in the research design or method.

The Descriptive Statistics generally emplys various quantitative methods of analysis such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, etc. to understand and analyze the various characteristics of the target population in any research study. The Inferential Statistics is used in the research process to understand and evaluate the statistical relationship between the variables and make appropriate judgments about the characteristics of the target population in any research study. The Deductive Statstics basically involves statistical decision making process about the target population of any research study based on the empirical data and information collection from the sample. It involves hypothesis testing to confirm any particular theoretical assumption or assertion. The study of statistical association or correlation essentially examines the statistical relationship and comparison between two variables in any research study. Thus, in this case, the comparison between the popularity of Prime Minister among rural and urban residents can be examined using deductive statistics implying that option-C) or deductive statistics is the answer, in this case.

In Statistics, ratio variables can also be categorized as interval variables which can be divided into various distinct numerical values and expressed as ratio for numerical comparison. In this context, attractiveness of a person, emotional stability, different types of crime are all qualitative variables which cannot be ideally expressed numerically or quantified. Hence, the answer here would be option A) given in the answer choices or options or number of children in family which can be expressed numerically or quantitatively and denoted as ratio/interval level for numerical comparison.

In Statistics, the operationalized variable basically defines how any particular variable can be defined and measured as it would be used in any research study. The nominal variable mainly implies the qualitative data and information which cannot be expressed numerically or quanitiatively but denoted as ranks, orders, qualitative scaling, etc. and on the other hand, interval variables can be expressed in terms of numerical or quantitative data and information which can be measured and examined numerically. The dependent variables or explanatory mainly explains the statistical variations in dependent variables or predicted variables which are dependent on independent variables. In terms of time, the independent variables precede the dependent variables implying that option C) given in the answer choices or options is the answer, in this case.