Research and discuss 4 information gathering techniques, explain each technique and recommend countermeasures you would implement to reduce the effectiveness of these tools by hackers

Research and discuss 4 information gathering techniques, explain each technique and recommend countermeasures you would implement to reduce the effectiveness of these tools by hackers. Provide a MS Word document of 4 pages in length plus a cover page and references. 

Cover page and reference page are not included in page count. Document formatting, citations, and references must follow APA format. The  AIU APA Guide includes sections for paper formatting, as well as reference and citation examples. For example, 250 words equals one page of content.