Chapter 0Understanding Our Environment
  
Multiple Choice Questions
1)  Environmental science is a  
A.  narrowly defined set of physical, life, and social sciences. 
B.  theoretical approach in interpreting the environment. 
C.  way to see the world in scientific terms. 
D.  systematic approach learning about the environment. 
E.  special set of problem-solving skills. 
 
2.  Most environmental problems result from  
A.  excessive pollution. 
B.  complex, interrelated problems. 
C.  technological development problems. 
D.  global warming. 
E.  urban degradation. 
 
3.  In explaining your choice of an environmental science major in college to your roommate, you would probably emphasize the fact that environmental science is a(n)  
A.  applied interdisciplinary field with an emphasis on solving problems. 
B.  well-established field that has been in existence for a long time. 
C.  theoretical discipline that will help solve the problems created by human impact. 
D.  relatively new field that will identify remedies to environmental issues. 
E.  theoretical field with an emphasis on scientific understanding. 

4.  Ideally, science  
A.  is correct most of the time. 
B.  tells us what we expected to find. 
C.  uses new technology. 
D.  is methodical and logical. 
E.  proves that our hypotheses are correct. 
 
5.  The best definition of a hypothesis is a(n)  
A.  proof of a proposed theory. 
B.  proposed theory that has been tested numerous times. 
C.  theory based on experiments. 
D.  argument based on acute intuition. 
E.  proposed explanation based on observation. 
 
6.  Of the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive reasoning?  
A.  If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs. 
B.  In repeated tosses of a coin, there is a 50/50 chance of each toss resulting in a "head." 
C.  How many times will the toss of coins turn "heads-up" if 100 people each toss a coin? 
D.  Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs. 
E.  All of these are examples of deductive reasoning. 

7.  The statement, "Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs." is an example of  
A.  inductive reasoning. 
B.  deductive reasoning. 
C.  hypothesis testing. 
D.  reductive reasoning. 
E.  parsimony. 
 
8.  Generally, distinguished scientists  
A.  always agree if they really are expert scientists. 
B.  may have different interpretations of the same evidence. 
C.  never disagree once a theory is established. 
D.  believe each other and support each other in their work. 
E.  always disagree so they can prove theories. 
 
9.  Proof in science is always  
A.  firmly established. 
B.  beyond question. 
C.  an impossible goal. 
D.  changing very quickly. 
E.  open to question or new evidence. 

10.  Although your sister is not a scientist, she says that she uses scientific techniques in her everyday life. You do not believe her but she insists it is true. Which of the following examples could she use to best persuade you?  
A.  When she cooks, she measures ingredients and puts them together to form something else (e.g., a cake). 
B.  When she drives in her car, she hypothesizes about things (e.g., when the red light will turn green). 
C.  She put some tomatoes in the sun and some in the shade to see if the sun causes them to ripen faster. 
D.  She buys a brand of toothpaste based on statistical data (four out of five dentists recommend it). 
E.  All of these are examples of using scientific techniques in her everyday life. 
 
11.  A group of concerned citizens are collecting water samples from a local river to detect the level of nitrogen in the water. They plan to take samples every day for a month and then will divide the sum by the number of days they sampled. What is the group trying to do?  
A.  determine the mean level of nitrogen in the water 
B.  determine the average level of nitrogen in the water 
C.  determine the confidence level of the sample 
D.  both determine the mean level of nitrogen in the water and determine the average level of nitrogen in the water 
E.  both determine the average level of nitrogen in the water and determine the confidence level of the sample 

12.  Which of the following is not an example of how statistics are used?  
A.  assessing the general state of a group 
B.  determining the context of how data was gathered 
C.  estimating the confidence you can have in the data 
D.  determining if your group is unusual 
E.  evaluating the relationship between variables 
 
13.  Utilitarian conservationists, including Gifford Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt, supported forest conservation in order to provide  
A.  wildlife habitats in forested areas. 
B.  untouched, unvisited wilderness areas. 
C.  homes, jobs, and recreation for people. 
D.  the scenic beauty found in natural areas. 
E.  resources, such as natural habitats, for future generations. 
 
14.  Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their  
A.  beauty and wildlife habitat. 
B.  hunting and fishing value. 
C.  wood and mineral resources for the future. 
D.  tourism and recreation potential. 
E.  economic value in cleaning the air and preventing soil erosion. 

15.  Environmentalism stemming from the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring differed from earlier North American conservation perspectives by  
A.  focusing on human population growth. 
B.  placing more emphasis on pollution problems. 
C.  emphasizing international problems. 
D.  encouraging energy efficiency. 
E.  emphasizing the value of natural resources. 
 
16.  At the end of the twentieth century, ____________________ has/have been added to environmental thinking.  
A.  global concerns 
B.  urban problems 
C.  water supply and pollution problems 
D.  human population growth 
E.  air pollution problems 
 
17.  The point of critical thinking is to learn to  
A.  weigh all the evidence and draw your own conclusions. 
B.  distrust all opinions other than your own. 
C.  trust only your own experimental results. 
D.  learn to accept the views of real authorities. 
E.  identify true experts in a field. 

18.  In reading a claim by an atmospheric scientist that ozone depletion is not an actual environmental problem, a critical thinker would  
A.  ignore the claim because it does not align with his/her opinions. 
B.  feel relieved because ozone depletion was such an overwhelming problem. 
C.  look for evidence that is in line with past experience. 
D.  look for evidence of the source's reliability. 
E.  acknowledge the claim because an atmospheric scientist is an expert. 
 
19.  One of the first steps in critical thinking is to  
A.  decide whether conclusions follow premises. 
B.  decide if premises are true. 
C.  identify premises and conclusions. 
D.  identify whether premises are facts or values. 
E.  approach a problem in new and innovative ways. 
 
20.  Evidence of progress in dealing with population problems is best illustrated by  
A.  current evidence of a stable population in the developing and developed world. 
B.  a decrease in the average number of children born to each woman. 
C.  current evidence of a globally stable population growth. 
D.  the decreasing population growth rate in the United States. 
E.  current evidence of a stable population in the developing world. 

21.  The world's poorest people _______________ environmental degradation.  
A.  cause the most 
B.  both cause and suffer from 
C.  are unaffected by 
D.  don't really care about 
E.  are ignorant of 
 
22.  Poverty is passed on from one generation to the next primarily through  
A.  the lack of available opportunities. 
B.  genetic conditions. 
C.  improper care of natural resources. 
D.  the lack of motivation to change. 
E.  illnesses spread by viruses. 
 
23.  Proponents of sustainable development argue that  
A.  all development has environmental costs. 
B.  development is less important than the environment. 
C.  development can proceed with minimal costs to the environment. 
D.  the environment is less important than development. 
E.  development does not cause environmental damage. 

24.  What is the probability of getting tails 4 times in a row when you flip a coin?  
A.  1 in 4 
B.  1 in 10 
C.  1 in 16 
D.  1 in 20 
E.  1 in 24 
 
25.  When testing a new drug to treat arthritis what method should be used to avoid bias in the data?  
A.  deductive reasoning 
B.  inductive reasoning 
C.  critical thinking 
D.  statistics 
E.  double-blind experiments 
 
26.  Compared to poorer countries, which of the following is not true of richer nations?  
A.  they have a higher per capita GDP 
B.  they have higher fertility 
C.  they have lower infant mortality 
D.  they have higher adult literacy 
E.  they have higher life expectancy 

27.  Which of the following was key to the recovery of the Apo Island's reef fish population?  
A.  The establishment of a small marine sanctuary 
B.  A complete ban on all fishing 
C.  Importation of fish from other islands 
D.  Heavy government investment in alternative food sources 
E.  None of these are correct. 

True / False Questions
 
28.  Sustainable development differs from traditional economic development in that it emphasizes economic development in the short term.  
FALSE
 
29.  Places in the world where indigenous people live tend to have high biodiversity.  
TRUE
 
30.  Parsimony is one of the basic principles of science.  
TRUE

Multiple Choice Questions
 
31.  If you heard that cultural diversity was disappearing in one of the most culturally diverse regions of the world, you would  
A.  deduce that biodiversity was disappearing as well, because the two tend to go hand in hand 
B.  induce that biodiversity was disappearing as well, because the two tend to go hand in hand 
C.  assume that this phenomenon is not related to any other environmental degradation 
D.  assume that scientists had already studied their language and biodiversity, so there is no immediate threat to their continued existence. 
 
32.  On Apo Island, a history of destructive fishing habits had the affect of  
A.  Destroying habitat 
B.  Diminishing biodiversity 
C.  Impoverishing the local economy 
D.  Overexploiting available resources 
E.  All of the above 
 
33.  Random samples are used  
A.  to eliminate bias from a study 
B.  Only when large samples are not available 
C.  To eliminate the need for a rigorous method of choice 
D.  Only in double-blind medical experiments