a.

steamboat

d.

wagon

b.

flatboat

e.

railroad

c.

mule train

a.

steamboat

d.

flatboat

b.

stagecoach

e.

horseback

c.

railroad

a.

were commercially profitable by the 1790s

b.

generally had at least twelve-foot drafts

c.

brought cheaper and faster two-way traffic to the Mississippi Valley

d.

were usually built of steel

e.

soon made railroads obsolete

a.

stretch from Albany to Buffalo

b.

dramatically reduce freight rates

c.

inspire more canal construction

d.

increase shipping through the port of New York

e.

bankrupt New York State with its huge cost

a.

they were much faster than stagecoaches and steamboats

b.

they spurred iron production

c.

they reduced transportation costs

d.

they encouraged further expansion of farming

e.

they could only operate on flat terrain

a.

greater cargo space

d.

comfort for passengers

b.

speed

e.

durability

c.

ability to sail up rivers

a.

military protection

d.

advertising

b.

monetary backing

e.

land grants

c.

a ban on further canal construction

a.

telephone

d.

railroad

b.

telegraph

e.

post office

c.

Pony Express

a.

was a tool of labor unions to highlight the low pay and mistreatment of workers

b.

was named for the low cost of newspapers

c.

had significant influence in eastern cities

d.

enabled the Treasury Department to inexpensively coin more money

e.

was a derisive name for the lower-class newspapers sold on the streets

a.

made possible efficient separation of seeds from fiber

b.

was an engine that manufactured cloth

c.

made the South the wealthiest part of the country

d.

had no significant effect on the North’s economy

e.

resulted from a government bounty paid to its inventor

a.

by John Deere

d.

in the 1830s

b.

by John Oliver

e.

by Eli Whitney

c.

in England

a.

meant that fewer slaves were needed

b.

made cotton a major export item

c.

spurred immigration to the South

d.

caused slavery to spread to Ohio and Illinois

e.

increased imports from Britain

a.

cheaper prices for federal lands

b.

fertile soil

c.

advances in agricultural technology

d.

easy credit from state banks

e.

construction of numerous frontier forts

a.

steel plow

d.

chainsaw

b.

grain elevator

e.

tractor

c.

mechanical reaper

a.

transformed the economy of the South

b.

guaranteed that farmers would be successful

c.

were powered by gasoline engines

d.

were manufactured at his factory in Chicago

e.

had to be assembled by farmers

a.

invented the steam engine

b.

was the first to employ child labor

c.

opened a successful textile mill in Rhode Island

d.

started the Industrial Revolution in England before he moved to the United States

e.

convinced President Jefferson of the benefits of manufacturing

a.

almost destroyed American manufacturing

b.

had little effect on the growth of textile manufacturing in America

c.

encouraged rapid growth in American manufacturing

d.

restricted exports and thereby hurt the growth of American manufacturing

e.

encouraged Americans to live more simply because consumer goods were scarce

a.

cotton textiles

d.

glass products

b.

leather goods

e.

muskets

c.

tobacco products

a.

manufactured finished cloth

b.

was owned by the state government

c.

was destroyed by the British in the War of 1812

d.

closed because of the Panic of 1819

e.

manufactured thread, which it then sold to weavers

a.

the happiness of their workers

b.

their employment of young single women

c.

the superior quality of their products

d.

their minimal impact on natural surroundings

e.

that they paid workers in stocks

a.

criminal behavior of young women

d.

labor unrest

b.

retaining good workers

e.

unwanted pregnancy

c.

atheism

a.

dramatically altered the region’s ecology

b.

made its products more expensive

c.

was never a source of controversy

d.

largely ended by 1850 as factories switched to steam power

e.

dried up some rivers completely

a.

military centers

d.

cotton exporters

b.

seaports

e.

state capitals

c.

iron-producing centers

a.

Boston

d.

New Orleans

b.

Philadelphia

e.

New York

c.

Baltimore

a.

Fighters used bare knuckles.

b.

The sport was imported from Britain.

c.

Some bouts resulted in fatalities.

d.

It was strictly entertainment for the lower classes.

e.

Fighters were often from Ireland or England.

a.

a set number of rounds

b.

as long as the crowd demanded

c.

until one fighter could not continue

d.

a set number of minutes

e.

until one fighter drew blood on the other

a.

theater

d.

dog fighting

b.

cockfighting

e.

ballet

c.

prizefighting

a.

quietly watched performances

b.

were an equal mix of men and women

c.

preferred patriotic dramas to comedies

d.

were not capable of judging the quality of the acting

e.

responded vocally to the quality of performances

a.

featured the songs of Stephen Foster

b.

featured black performers made up as whites

c.

were similar to operatic shows

d.

portrayed black characters positively

e.

were embraced by elite and educated audiences

a.

were usually performed in saloons

b.

appealed primarily to elite audiences

c.

featured professional productions of Shakespeare

d.

helped whites become more racially tolerant

e.

employed familiar stereotypes of African Americans

a.

religious freedom in the United States

b.

an abundance of cheap land

c.

high wages in factories

d.

a deadly potato famine

e.

hatred of British rule in Ireland

a.

Chinese

d.

Mexicans

b.

Free blacks

e.

Germans

c.

Irish

a.

British

d.

Scandinavian

b.

Chinese

e.

German

c.

Irish

a.

fear of growing Catholic influence

b.

Irish sympathy for black equality

c.

Irish support for trade unions

d.

jealousy over the fact that so many Irish were well educated

e.

competition for housing in industrial cities

a.

seldom voted

b.

generally supported Democrats

c.

idolized John Quincy Adams

d.

started a new party for immigrants

e.

were easily manipulated into voting against their interests

a.

were overwhelmingly Catholic

b.

were poor and uneducated

c.

settled mainly in rural areas

d.

were highly individualistic

e.

for religious reasons, did not drink beer

a.

were mostly poor and nonreligious

b.

almost never returned to their native country

c.

tended to come as groups and families

d.

usually spoke English already

e.

were not a target of the nativists

a.

New York and New Jersey

d.

Wisconsin and Minnesota

b.

Ohio and Pennsylvania

e.

Texas and Louisiana

c.

California and Oregon

a.

included few educated professionals or skilled workers

b.

peaked in 1831

c.

was in most respects similar to that of the Irish

d.

was sometimes temporary as nearly 15 percent returned to their native land

e.

provoked race riots in several cities

a.

was strongest in the 1850s

b.

was weakest in New England

c.

was based on prejudice against blacks

d.

opposed the spread of public education

e.

elected two presidents in its brief history

a.

send immigrants back to Europe

b.

ban the use of all languages except English

c.

lengthen the time required to become a citizen

d.

stop all immigration

e.

build a fence along U.S. borders

a.

cut taxes

d.

prohibit drinking

b.

establish public schools

e.

limit immigrant influence

c.

promote Christianity

a.

recruit unskilled workers

b.

improve working conditions

c.

influence politicians to support protective tariffs

d.

uphold standards of quality production

e.

maintain decent wage levels

a.

They were not popular among immigrant groups.

b.

Women organized their own unions.

c.

They grew out of local trade unions.

d.

They were primarily for skilled workers.

e.

They sometimes formed political organizations to carry their concerns forward.

a.

immigration quotas established in the late 1830s were constitutional

b.

immigration quotas established in the late 1830s were unconstitutional

c.

forming a trade union was illegal

d.

forming a trade union was not illegal

e.

employers could not hire strikebreakers

a.

higher taxes for the wealthy

b.

less government oversight

c.

a more radical management philosophy

d.

laws regulating banks

e.

support from management

a.

ruled that it was legal to force members of labor unions to work unpaid overtime

b.

declared that forming a trade union was not illegal

c.

failed to win Supreme Court approval for mandatory union membership

d.

applied to labor organizing on the factory floor

e.

made the sabotage of equipment by striking workers a federal offense

a.

teaching

d.

nursing

b.

medicine

e.

engineering

c.

the law

a.

were required to go to medical school

b.

were closely regulated by the government

c.

were mostly self-taught or apprenticed with an experienced doctor

d.

were experts in modern medical science

e.

provided roughly the same services as nurses

a.

working in professional occupations

b.

teaching in schools

c.

organizing community clubs and entertainments

d.

working in religious and social service realms

e.

playing leadership roles in municipal organizations

a.

invented the telegraph

b.

invented the sewing machine

c.

with Boston Associates, formed the Boston Manufacturing Company

d.

wrote “Oh! Susanna”

e.

immigrant piano maker

f.

invented the primitive grain reaper

g.

advocate of free public education

h.

patented a process for vulcanizing rubber

i.

improved the steamboat

j.

used his memory to bring industrial technology from Britain to the United States